Environment Archives - Aspergillosis Patients & Carers Support

Wildfire smoke and aspergillosis: protecting your lungs when air quality falls

Wildfires in parts of the UK and Europe can produce smoke that travels considerable distances. Even when a fire is many miles away, fine particles carried in the air may temporarily reduce local air quality.

People with aspergillosis, asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD or another chronic lung condition may be more sensitive to wildfire smoke. Smoke can irritate the airways and cause coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, breathlessness, sore eyes or a sore throat. It can also aggravate an existing respiratory condition.

Check the air quality where you live. UK residents can use the official Defra UK Air website. International websites such as IQAir can also provide useful local maps, forecasts and measurements.

What should people with lung conditions do?

UK health advice recommends reducing exposure to smoke and air pollution, particularly if you develop symptoms.

Reduce strenuous outdoor activity. Exercise causes you to breathe more deeply and may increase the amount of smoke particles reaching your lungs.
Stay indoors when smoke is affecting your area and keep doors and windows closed while the outdoor air quality is poor.
Ventilate when conditions improve. Open windows when the smoke has cleared and outdoor air quality is better, particularly if the building is becoming hot.
Take your usual medication as prescribed. Do not alter antifungal treatment, inhalers, steroids or other medicines unless advised by your healthcare team.
Keep your reliever inhaler with you if one has been prescribed.
Follow your asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis or respiratory action plan if you have one.
Avoid adding more particles indoors. During a smoke episode, avoid smoking, wood-burning stoves, candles and other activities that create smoke.
Keep cool and hydrated. Wildfires often occur during hot weather, which can place additional strain on people with heart, lung, kidney or other long-term conditions.

Do masks help?

A well-fitting particulate respirator such as an FFP2 or FFP3 mask may reduce the amount of fine particulate matter inhaled while outdoors. Loose-fitting surgical or fabric masks provide much less protection against fine smoke particles.

However, some people with significant lung disease may find tight-fitting masks uncomfortable or may become more breathless while wearing one. A mask should not be used as a reason to remain outdoors in heavy smoke. Reducing exposure remains the priority.

Does wildfire smoke increase Aspergillus infection?

Wildfire smoke is primarily a mixture of gases and very small particles produced by burning vegetation and other materials. Its immediate health effect is irritation and inflammation of the lungs and airways.

Smoke exposure does not necessarily mean that Aspergillus is growing in the lungs or that aspergillosis is worsening. However, people whose lungs are already damaged or inflamed may notice increased coughing, wheezing, mucus production or breathlessness.

Symptoms caused by smoke can resemble a respiratory flare-up. Contact your healthcare team if symptoms are new, unusually severe, persist after the air quality has improved, or are not controlled by your normal treatment plan.

When should you seek medical help?

Contact your GP, respiratory team or NHS 111 if:

you develop new or worsening breathlessness, wheezing or chest tightness;
you need your reliever inhaler more often than usual;
your symptoms are not responding to your agreed treatment plan;
your symptoms persist after the smoke has cleared; or
you are concerned about a change in your condition.

Call 999 for severe breathing difficulty. This includes rapidly worsening breathlessness, being unable to speak normally, becoming confused or drowsy, developing blue or grey lips or skin, or an asthma attack that is not improving after using your reliever inhaler as directed.

Understanding air-quality alerts

The UK Daily Air Quality Index runs from 1 to 10:

Low, 1–3: most people can continue normal outdoor activity.
Moderate, 4–6: people with lung or heart conditions who develop symptoms should reduce strenuous outdoor activity.
High, 7–9: people with lung conditions should reduce strenuous outdoor exertion, particularly if symptomatic.
Very high, 10: people with lung or heart conditions and older adults should avoid strenuous physical activity.

People vary considerably in their sensitivity. Some people with severe asthma, bronchiectasis or aspergillosis may experience symptoms even when the overall air-quality rating is described as low or moderate. Your symptoms and personal respiratory action plan remain important.

Useful sources

This information is intended as general guidance and does not replace advice from your own healthcare team.

by GAtherton

Removing mould from a front-loading washing machine by cleaning the rubber door seal to reduce moisture and help prevent mould growth in the home.

How to Remove Mould from Your Washing Machine and Stop It Coming Back

Mould inside a washing machine is common, particularly in front-loading machines. It often develops in the rubber door seal, detergent drawer, filter and other areas where moisture and detergent residue collect.

For most people, a small amount of washing-machine mould is mainly an unpleasant cleaning problem. However, people living with aspergillosis, severe asthma, allergies or other long-term lung conditions may reasonably want to reduce avoidable mould exposure in the home.

The most effective approach is not only to remove visible mould, but also to keep the machine dry and clean enough to prevent it returning.

Key points

Mould grows where moisture, detergent residue and dirt remain inside the machine.
The rubber door seal and detergent drawer are the most common problem areas.
Use gentle cleaning methods that avoid spraying mould spores or strong chemicals into the air.
Never mix bleach with vinegar, acidic cleaners, ammonia or other cleaning products.
Leaving the door and detergent drawer open between washes can greatly reduce recurrence.

Why does mould grow inside washing machines?

Modern washing machines often use less water and lower washing temperatures. This saves energy, but it can also allow detergent residue, fabric conditioner, skin oils, dirt and moisture to build up inside the machine.

Mould is more likely to develop when:

the door is closed immediately after a wash;
wet laundry is left inside the drum;
mostly cool or eco washes are used;
too much detergent or fabric conditioner is added;
the rubber seal is not wiped or allowed to dry;
the detergent drawer or filter is rarely cleaned;
the machine is kept in a poorly ventilated room.

Where to check for mould

Mould may not always be immediately visible. Check the following areas carefully:

Rubber door seal: pull back the folds and inspect underneath.
Detergent drawer: remove it if possible and check the compartment behind it.
Drum: look around the door opening and drainage holes.
Filter: check the manufacturer’s instructions before opening it.
Drainage area: persistent odours may indicate residue or stagnant water deeper inside the machine.

Before you start cleaning

Check the washing machine manufacturer’s instructions first. Different manufacturers recommend different cleaning products, temperatures and maintenance programmes.

To reduce exposure while cleaning:

open a window or improve ventilation;
wear household cleaning gloves;
avoid leaning directly over mouldy areas;
use damp disposable cloths rather than dry brushing;
avoid scraping or scrubbing so vigorously that material is dispersed into the air;
ask someone else to clean the machine if mould exposure usually worsens your breathing.

Some people with aspergillosis or severe respiratory disease may choose to wear a well-fitting FFP2 or FFP3 mask during mould cleaning. A mask does not replace ventilation or careful cleaning methods.

How to clean mould from the rubber door seal

Switch off the washing machine.
Gently pull back the folds of the rubber seal.
Remove any trapped lint, hair, tissues or other debris.
Wipe the area using a damp cloth and a cleaning product approved by the machine manufacturer.
Pay particular attention to the lower part of the seal, where water often collects.
Use a clean damp cloth to remove any remaining cleaning product.
Dry the seal thoroughly.

Black staining may remain even after mould has been removed. Persistent staining does not always mean that mould is still actively growing, but damaged or deeply contaminated seals may need replacing.

How to clean the detergent drawer

Remove the drawer according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Wash it with warm water and washing-up liquid.
Use a small brush for narrow areas, taking care not to flick residue into the air.
Wipe the compartment where the drawer sits.
Rinse and dry the drawer before replacing it.

Using too much detergent or fabric conditioner can encourage residue to collect in this area. Follow the dosing instructions for your detergent and local water hardness.

Cleaning the filter

Many washing machines have a filter behind a small panel near the bottom of the machine. This may collect lint, hair, coins and other debris.

Before opening it:

read the manufacturer’s instructions;
switch off and unplug the machine;
place towels or a shallow tray underneath, as water may escape;
allow hot water to cool before opening the filter.

Clean the filter, remove debris and replace it securely. A blocked or dirty filter can contribute to poor drainage and unpleasant smells.

Run a maintenance wash

After cleaning the visible parts of the machine, run the manufacturer’s drum-clean or maintenance programme.

If the machine does not have a dedicated cleaning cycle, the manufacturer may recommend an empty hot wash. Use only a cleaning product that is suitable for your particular machine.

Do not assume that adding more cleaner will work better. Excessive detergent or cleaning product may leave additional residue behind.

Avoid mixing cleaning chemicals

Important safety warning

Never mix bleach with vinegar, limescale remover, toilet cleaner, ammonia or other household cleaning products.

Mixing bleach with acidic products can release chlorine gas, which can cause serious breathing difficulties and may require urgent medical attention.

Use one product at a time, follow the label instructions and rinse surfaces before using any different product.

How to stop washing-machine mould coming back

Keeping the machine dry between washes is often more effective than repeatedly carrying out deep cleaning.

Remove laundry promptly when the cycle finishes.
Leave the washing-machine door slightly open between washes.
Leave the detergent drawer open so it can dry.
Wipe moisture from the door seal, particularly from the lower folds.
Use the correct amount of detergent.
Reduce or avoid fabric conditioner if residue repeatedly builds up.
Run the manufacturer’s maintenance cycle regularly.
Clean the drawer, seal and filter routinely.
Make sure the room is adequately ventilated.

How often should the machine be cleaned?

There is no single schedule suitable for every household. A machine used daily may need more frequent attention than one used only occasionally.

As a practical guide:

wipe and check the door seal every week or two;
clean the detergent drawer approximately once a month;
run a maintenance wash according to the manufacturer’s advice;
check the filter every few months, or sooner if drainage becomes slow or the machine smells.

Clean the machine sooner if you notice visible mould, slime, residue or a persistent musty smell.

When should the door seal be replaced?

Replacing the rubber door seal may be more effective than repeated cleaning if:

the seal is cracked, torn or misshapen;
mould is deeply embedded in the rubber;
water repeatedly collects because the seal is damaged;
the machine leaks;
a persistent smell remains after thorough cleaning.

A competent appliance engineer may be able to replace the seal without replacing the whole washing machine.

When might the washing machine need professional attention?

Consider contacting the manufacturer or an appliance engineer if:

the machine does not drain properly;
stagnant water remains inside;
the smell returns immediately after cleaning;
mould appears to be growing behind inaccessible panels;
the machine leaks;
the seal or internal pipework needs replacing.

Is washing-machine mould dangerous for people with aspergillosis?

Finding mould in a washing machine does not necessarily mean that your home contains unusually high levels of airborne mould. Washing machines are naturally damp environments, and small amounts of mould are common.

However, people with aspergillosis or other significant respiratory conditions may wish to take reasonable precautions, particularly when disturbing visible mould.

Try to avoid:

dry brushing;
scraping large mouldy areas;
using sprays that create a fine mist;
mixing cleaning chemicals;
remaining in a poorly ventilated room while strong products are being used.

If cleaning mould reliably causes coughing, wheezing, chest tightness or breathlessness, ask someone else to do the cleaning where possible.

When to seek medical advice

Seek medical advice if you develop a persistent worsening of respiratory symptoms after mould exposure, particularly if you have aspergillosis, severe asthma, bronchiectasis or another chronic lung condition.

Call 999 or seek urgent medical help if exposure to cleaning chemicals causes severe breathlessness, chest pain, confusion, collapse or difficulty speaking in full sentences.

Frequently asked questions

Can I use bleach in my washing machine?

Only use bleach if the washing-machine manufacturer states that it is safe for your model. Bleach can damage some rubber seals, metal parts and internal components.

Never mix bleach with vinegar or any other cleaning product.

Can I use vinegar?

Some manufacturers advise against regular vinegar use because concentrated acids may damage rubber seals or internal components. Check the instructions for your machine before using it.

Does a hot wash kill mould?

A hot maintenance wash may help reduce microorganisms and remove detergent residue, but it may not remove mould that is deeply embedded in a damaged rubber seal. Physical cleaning and drying are still important.

Should I replace the machine if there is mould in the seal?

Usually not. The seal can often be cleaned or replaced. Replacing the entire machine is generally only necessary if there is extensive inaccessible contamination, repeated drainage problems or the cost of repair is not economical.

Should I keep the door open all the time?

Leaving the door slightly open helps moisture evaporate. However, consider the safety of children and pets, who may climb into an open machine. Keep the laundry area secure where necessary.

Does washing at low temperatures cause mould?

Low-temperature washes can contribute to residue building up inside the machine, particularly if too much detergent or fabric conditioner is used. Regular maintenance cycles can help control this.

Related information

Always follow the cleaning and maintenance instructions supplied by the manufacturer of your washing machine.

by GAtherton

Damp Homes

Damp homes

by GAtherton

Person with aspergillosis safely caring for pets, with clean dry bedding, stored hay and advice about reducing fungal spore exposure.

Living Safely with Pets When You Have Aspergillosis

Pets can be an important part of life for many people with aspergillosis. They provide companionship, routine, comfort, and sometimes gentle exercise. For most people, having pets does not mean they need to give them up. The key is understanding where fungal spores are most likely to build up and taking sensible precautions.

Key points

Most people with aspergillosis do not need to avoid pets altogether.
The main concern is usually not the animal itself, but dusty or damp materials such as hay, straw, bedding, feed, droppings, compost, and mouldy organic matter.
Risk increases when bedding is left unchanged, becomes damp, or is disturbed during cleaning.
People with allergic forms of aspergillosis, such as Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA), may react to fungal spores as allergens.
People with Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA) may need to avoid heavy spore exposure because their lungs are already damaged.
Good pet care, dry bedding, regular cleaning, and sensible respiratory protection can reduce avoidable exposure.
The emotional and wellbeing benefits of pets can be considerable and should be included in any balanced decision.

Why patients worry about pets
What is the actual risk?
Situations that may increase exposure
Different risks in different forms of aspergillosis
Practical advice for different pets
Children’s pets and shared responsibility
The benefits of pets
Simple risk-reduction checklist
Common questions
When to seek medical advice
Author and review information
References

Why patients worry about pets

After being diagnosed with aspergillosis, many people start to look carefully at their home, garden, hobbies, and pets. This is understandable. Aspergillus is a mould that is found widely in the environment, and people may worry that a pet, cage, litter tray, hutch, or bedding could be making their lung condition worse.

The first reassurance is important: aspergillosis is not usually caught from pets in the way that some infections can be passed from animals to humans. The main issue is breathing in fungal spores from the environment. These spores are more likely to come from dusty, damp, or decaying organic material than from the animal itself.

A clean dog or cat in the home is very different from cleaning out a damp rabbit hutch, shaking mouldy hay, or disturbing old bedding in a poorly ventilated shed.

What is the actual risk?

The risk is mainly from inhaling airborne fungal spores. Aspergillus spores are very common in the environment. Most people breathe them in without becoming ill. Problems are more likely in people with asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic lung disease, damaged lungs, or weakened immune systems.

Pet-related exposure is most likely when fungal spores build up in:

Hay
Straw
Wood shavings or paper bedding
Stored animal feed
Damp hutches or cages
Bird droppings
Chicken coops
Compost, soil, and rotting vegetation
Dusty sheds or poorly ventilated outbuildings

The animal itself is usually not the main source of concern. The bigger issue is the environment around the animal, especially if it is damp, dusty, mouldy, or not cleaned regularly.

Situations that may increase exposure

Risk is not the same in every situation. Some pet-related activities are likely to create more airborne dust and spores than others.

Situation	Likely level of concern	Why it matters
Living with a clean dog or cat	Low	The animal itself is not usually a major Aspergillus source.
Feeding pets from clean, dry food	Low	Low dust exposure if food is stored properly.
Changing a clean litter tray regularly	Low to moderate	Dust and odour may irritate airways; dusty litter may be a problem for some.
Handling hay for guinea pigs or rabbits	Moderate	Hay can contain fungal spores, especially if damp or poorly stored.
Cleaning cages or hutches with damp bedding	Moderate to higher	Disturbing bedding can release dust and spores into the air.
Cleaning bird cages or chicken coops	Higher	Droppings, feathers, bedding, and feed dust may build up in enclosed spaces.
Using mouldy hay, straw, or feed	Higher	Visible mould suggests fungal growth and avoidable exposure.
Cleaning old bedding after it has been neglected	Higher	Accumulated organic waste, dampness, and dust increase exposure when disturbed.

Different risks in different forms of aspergillosis

Not all aspergillosis conditions carry the same type of risk. The reason for reducing exposure differs depending on the diagnosis.

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)

In Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis, the main issue is allergic inflammation. The immune system reacts strongly to Aspergillus. Extra exposure to fungal spores may contribute to asthma symptoms, coughing, wheezing, mucus production, or mucus plugging in some people.

For people with ABPA, pet-related precautions are mainly about reducing exposure to fungal allergens from hay, bedding, damp cages, and dusty animal environments.

Severe Asthma with Fungal Sensitisation (SAFS)

Severe Asthma with Fungal Sensitisation is also an allergic-type condition. The concern is not usually that the pet will cause an infection, but that mould spores and other allergens may worsen asthma symptoms.

Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA)

Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis usually occurs in lungs that already have damage, cavities, scarring, bronchiectasis, or previous lung disease. In CPA, the concern is less about allergy and more about protecting vulnerable lungs from unnecessary heavy exposure to fungal spores.

There is limited evidence that ordinary pet ownership worsens CPA. However, avoiding heavy exposure to mouldy hay, bedding, compost, bird droppings, and dusty animal housing is sensible.

Aspergillus bronchitis

In Aspergillus bronchitis, Aspergillus may be present in the airways and contribute to cough, sputum, and airway inflammation. Heavy exposure to fungal spores may aggravate symptoms in some people, although this relationship is less well understood than in ABPA.

People with significant immunosuppression

People with severely weakened immune systems may need stricter precautions. This can include people who have had organ or stem cell transplants, people receiving intensive chemotherapy, and people on high-dose immunosuppressive treatment.

For these patients, the concern may include invasive fungal infection. They should follow advice from their specialist team about pets, gardening, compost, bird cages, chicken coops, and mouldy environments.

Condition	Main concern	Practical message
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)	Allergic reaction to Aspergillus spores	Reduce exposure to dusty, mouldy, or damp materials.
Severe Asthma with Fungal Sensitisation (SAFS)	Asthma worsening from fungal allergens	Avoid mouldy bedding, dusty hay, and damp animal housing.
Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA)	Protecting already damaged lungs	Avoid heavy or repeated spore exposure where possible.
Aspergillus bronchitis	Airway irritation and possible symptom aggravation	Keep exposure to dust and mould as low as practical.
Severe immunosuppression	Risk of serious fungal infection	Follow specialist medical advice; extra precautions may be needed.

Practical advice for different pets

Dogs

Dogs are usually low risk from an Aspergillus exposure point of view. The main precautions are general hygiene and avoiding large amounts of mud, damp bedding, or mouldy outdoor kennels.

Wash hands after handling pets, especially before eating.
Keep dog bedding clean and dry.
Avoid letting damp or mouldy bedding accumulate.
If cleaning a dusty kennel or outdoor area, consider wearing an FFP2 or FFP3 mask.

Cats

Cats are also usually low risk. Litter trays can produce dust and odour, which may irritate the airways in some people.

Use low-dust litter where possible.
Change litter regularly.
Avoid letting trays become damp or heavily soiled.
Ask someone else to clean the tray if you are very sensitive to dust or smells.
Wash hands after cleaning litter trays.

Guinea pigs, rabbits, hamsters, and other small mammals

For small mammals, the animal is usually not the main issue. The bigger concern is hay, bedding, and cage cleaning.

Use clean, dry bedding.
Replace bedding frequently.
Remove damp bedding promptly.
Store hay in a dry place.
Do not use visibly mouldy hay, straw, or feed.
Avoid shaking hay or bedding indoors.
Clean cages in a well-ventilated area.
If possible, ask another family member to do major cage cleaning.
Consider wearing an FFP2 or FFP3 mask when cleaning dusty bedding.

Birds and chickens

Bird cages and chicken coops can create more dust exposure than many other pets. Droppings, bedding, feathers, seed husks, and feed dust can accumulate, especially in enclosed or poorly ventilated spaces.

Clean cages and coops regularly.
Avoid allowing droppings and bedding to build up.
Improve ventilation where possible.
Store feed dry.
Avoid sweeping dry dust if damp cleaning is possible.
Wear respiratory protection if cleaning a dusty coop or cage.
People with severe lung disease or significant immunosuppression should discuss this with their clinical team.

Fish tanks and aquariums

Fish tanks are usually low risk for Aspergillus exposure. The main issue is preventing mould around lids, filters, walls, or damp cupboards.

Clean tanks and filters regularly.
Check for mould around the tank, lid, or nearby wall.
Avoid damp build-up in enclosed cupboards.

Reptiles

Reptile enclosures are usually low risk if well maintained. Damp substrates, mouldy wood, or poorly cleaned vivariums may increase exposure to mould and other microbes.

Replace damp or mouldy substrate promptly.
Keep enclosures clean and well ventilated.
Wash hands after handling reptiles or cleaning enclosures.

Children’s pets and shared responsibility

Many family pets are cared for by children or teenagers. This can be a positive way to teach responsibility and empathy. However, routine jobs can be forgotten during busy periods, holidays, exams, illness, or changes in family routine.

For someone in the household with aspergillosis, asthma, bronchiectasis, or another chronic lung condition, it is helpful for an adult or another family member to check regularly that pet care is being maintained.

Family pet-care check

Is the bedding clean and dry?
Has damp bedding been removed?
Is the hay free from visible mould?
Is feed stored somewhere dry?
Is the cage, hutch, or coop well ventilated?
Is there a regular cleaning routine?
Does the person cleaning the cage need help or a mask?

The aim is not to discourage children from caring for pets. It is to avoid a situation where bedding, hay, or droppings are left long enough to become damp, dusty, mouldy, or heavily contaminated. Neglect increases avoidable exposure.

The benefits of pets

Any decision about pets should include benefits as well as risks. For many people with long-term lung disease, pets are not just animals in the house. They are companions, sources of comfort, and part of daily life.

Companionship

Chronic illness can be isolating. Pets can provide company, reassurance, and a sense of normality, especially for people who live alone or spend long periods at home.

Mental health and wellbeing

Pets may help reduce loneliness, stress, and anxiety. Many people find that caring for an animal gives emotional support during difficult periods of illness.

Routine and purpose

Feeding, grooming, walking, and caring for pets can provide structure to the day. This can be particularly valuable when illness, retirement, or reduced mobility has changed a person’s usual routine.

Gentle activity

Dogs may encourage regular walking and time outdoors. Even small amounts of gentle activity can support physical and mental wellbeing when paced appropriately.

Family connection

Pets can bring families together. Children caring for pets may learn responsibility, while shared pet care can create positive family routines.

A balanced decision

Living well with aspergillosis is not about eliminating every possible risk. It is about understanding risks, reducing avoidable exposures, and protecting quality of life. For many people, the benefits of keeping a much-loved pet are considerable. Sensible husbandry, clean dry bedding, regular cleaning, and avoiding mouldy materials can often reduce risk while allowing people to continue enjoying their pets.

Simple risk-reduction checklist

Keep cages, hutches, beds, and coops clean.
Replace bedding regularly.
Remove damp bedding promptly.
Store hay, straw, and feed in a dry place.
Do not use visibly mouldy hay, bedding, or feed.
Avoid shaking dusty bedding indoors.
Clean animal housing in a well-ventilated area.
Ask another household member to do dusty cleaning tasks if possible.
Consider an FFP2 or FFP3 mask for dusty cage, hutch, or coop cleaning.
Wash hands after handling animals or cleaning cages.
Keep pet equipment away from food preparation areas.
Discuss individual risks with your clinical team if you are severely immunosuppressed.

Common questions

Do I need to get rid of my pet if I have aspergillosis?

Usually, no. Most people with aspergillosis do not need to give up their pets. The focus is usually on reducing exposure to mouldy, dusty, or damp materials around pets.

Can my dog or cat give me aspergillosis?

This is not the usual way aspergillosis develops. Aspergillus exposure usually comes from breathing in mould spores from the environment, such as soil, compost, damp buildings, hay, bedding, or decaying organic material.

Are guinea pigs safe?

Guinea pigs themselves are usually not the main concern. The more likely source of fungal spores is hay or bedding, especially if it is damp, mouldy, dusty, or left unchanged for too long. Keep bedding clean and dry, replace it frequently, and store hay properly.

Are birds or chickens more risky?

Bird cages and chicken coops can create more dust and organic waste exposure than many other pet environments. Regular cleaning, good ventilation, dry feed storage, and respiratory protection during dusty cleaning can reduce exposure.

Should I wear a mask when cleaning pet cages?

If the task is dusty, involves hay or bedding, or takes place in a poorly ventilated area, wearing an FFP2 or FFP3 mask may be sensible, particularly for people with asthma, Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis, Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis, bronchiectasis, or reduced lung reserve.

What is the biggest pet-related risk?

The biggest avoidable risks are usually mouldy hay, damp bedding, accumulated droppings, poorly stored feed, and dusty cleaning of animal housing.

Are pets good for people with aspergillosis?

For many people, yes. Pets can provide companionship, routine, comfort, and encouragement to stay active. These benefits can be very important for people living with long-term lung disease.

When to seek medical advice

Contact your GP, respiratory team, or specialist team if:

Your breathing becomes suddenly worse.
You develop new or worsening wheeze, chest tightness, or breathlessness.
You cough up blood.
You develop fever, chest pain, or feel acutely unwell.
Your asthma becomes difficult to control.
You notice a clear pattern of worsening symptoms after cleaning cages, hutches, coops, or handling hay.
You are severely immunosuppressed and are concerned about mould exposure.

If you are very breathless, coughing up significant amounts of blood, have chest pain, or feel seriously unwell, seek urgent medical help.

Author and review information

Audience: Patients, carers, families, and non-specialists.

Purpose: General educational information about pet ownership and environmental exposure in people with aspergillosis or related lung conditions.

Important note: This article does not replace medical advice. Individual risk varies depending on diagnosis, lung function, immune status, medications, and home environment. If you are unsure, discuss your situation with your clinical team.

Last reviewed: June 2026

References and further reading

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reducing Risk for Aspergillosis.
NHS. Aspergillosis.
NHS 111 Wales. Aspergillosis.
National Aspergillosis Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust. About Aspergillosis.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Small Mammals: Healthy Pets, Healthy People.
Asthma + Lung UK. Air pollution and allergies at home.
Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America. Mold Allergy.
Allergy UK. Asthma and Respiratory Allergy.
Aspergillosis Patient Support

by GAtherton

Promotional poster for a UK citizen science project exploring damp homes, mould exposure and respiratory health including aspergillosis

Help Us Improve Our Damp Homes and Health Questionnaire

We are asking patients, carers and members of the public to help us improve a draft questionnaire for our new UK Citizen Science project on damp homes, mould and health.

Draft 1 of questionnaire download here: Health Effects of Indoor Mould Questionnaire

Key points

We are developing a questionnaire for a Citizen Science project about damp homes, mould and health.
Before using it in the study, we want feedback from people who may complete it.
We are not just asking people to check spelling or grammar.
We want to know whether the questionnaire asks the right questions, is easy to understand, and collects useful information.
Your comments can help shape the final version of the study.

Why are we doing this project?

Damp homes and indoor mould are common problems in the UK. Many people worry that dampness, condensation and mould may affect their breathing, allergies, infections, fatigue or general wellbeing.

Our Citizen Science project aims to learn more about the links between homes, indoor mould and health by working directly with patients, carers and householders.

Citizen Science means that members of the public are not just research subjects. They help shape the research, collect information, and improve the questions being asked.

What is the questionnaire for?

The questionnaire is designed to collect information about:

the type of home someone lives in
signs of damp, condensation or mould
heating and ventilation
previous water damage, leaks or flooding
respiratory symptoms and other health problems
whether symptoms seem to change in different environments
how damp or mould affects everyday life and wellbeing

This information will help researchers understand whether there are patterns between housing conditions and health. It will also help guide the next stages of the project, including possible home sampling and laboratory analysis.

Why do we need feedback?

A questionnaire can look clear to researchers but feel very different to the people completing it.

Patients and householders may notice:

questions that are confusing
questions that are too difficult to answer
important topics that are missing
sections that feel repetitive
questions that need a “Don’t know” option
places where more explanation is needed

This is why your feedback is so important.

What sort of comments are we looking for?

We are especially interested in comments on the following areas.

1. Is the questionnaire easy to understand?

Please tell us if any wording is unclear, too technical, or open to different interpretations.

2. Are any important questions missing?

For example, should we ask more about:

previous mould exposure in other homes
roof leaks, plumbing leaks or flooding
diagnosed respiratory conditions
asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis or other lung conditions
steroid treatment or immune-suppressing medicines
whether symptoms improve away from home
whether symptoms changed after moving house

3. Is the questionnaire too long?

Long questionnaires can be tiring, especially for people living with chronic illness. We want to collect enough information to make the study useful, but not so much that people give up before finishing.

4. Are any questions difficult to answer accurately?

Some people may not know exact details about their home, heating system, building age or past water damage. We want to identify questions where people may need clearer options, such as “Not sure” or “Don’t know”.

5. Are any questions sensitive?

Questions about housing, health and personal circumstances can sometimes feel sensitive. Please tell us if any question needs a clearer explanation of why it is being asked.

The most important question

One of the most useful questions we can ask is:

If this study could answer one question about damp homes, mould and health, what would you most like to know?

This helps us understand what matters most to patients, carers and householders.

How to send us your comments

Click here for a short Google Form where you can send your feedback.

The feedback form will ask questions such as:

How easy was the questionnaire to understand?
Were any questions unclear or confusing?
Do you think any important questions are missing?
Were any questions unnecessary or repetitive?
Was the questionnaire too long, too short, or about right?
If this study could answer one question about damp homes, mould and health, what would you most like to know?
Do you have any other comments or suggestions?

You do not need to answer every question. Any feedback is helpful.

This is not a grammar exercise

We are not mainly asking people to proofread the questionnaire.

What we really want to know is:

Does this questionnaire help us collect the information needed to understand whether damp homes and mould may be affecting health, and are we asking the right questions?

Thank you

Thank you for helping us improve this questionnaire. Your comments will help us design a better study and make sure the project reflects the experiences and priorities of the people affected by damp homes and mould.

By sharing your views at this early stage, you are helping shape research that could improve understanding of indoor mould, housing conditions and health.

```

by GAtherton

Infographic showing a space-resistant Aspergillus fungus near the International Space Station alongside lungs affected by aspergillosis, illustrating how fungal survival research in space may improve understanding of human fungal disease.

What a Space-Resistant Fungus Can Teach Us About Aspergillosis

A recent Smithsonian article described how a microscopic fungus survived conditions designed to sterilise spacecraft. At first glance, this might sound like a story about space exploration rather than human health. But for people living with aspergillosis, it carries an important and surprisingly positive message.

Fungi are remarkable survivors

The article describes research showing that some Aspergillus spores can survive extreme conditions, including harsh radiation, dryness and cleaning procedures. This does not mean that aspergillosis patients need to worry about “space fungi”. Instead, it highlights something patients and specialists already understand very well: fungi are extraordinarily resilient organisms.

Aspergillus spores are common in the environment. They can be found in soil, compost, decaying leaves, dust, damp buildings and sometimes even very clean environments. Most people breathe in small numbers of spores every day without becoming ill, because their lungs and immune system clear them effectively.

For people with lung disease, asthma, immune system problems or damaged lung tissue, however, Aspergillus can sometimes cause illness. This includes conditions such as chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and severe asthma with fungal sensitisation.

A positive message for patients

One positive message from this research is that aspergillosis is not caused by weakness, poor hygiene or personal failure. Fungi are genuinely formidable organisms. If some fungal spores can survive environments as extreme as those used in space research, it becomes easier to understand why completely avoiding Aspergillus in everyday life is difficult.

This can be reassuring for patients who feel frustrated when symptoms persist despite doing “everything right”. It is not that they are failing. It is that fungal biology is complex, and fungal exposure is part of the natural world.

Why this matters emotionally

Many people with aspergillosis say they feel misunderstood. They may hear comments such as:

“It’s only mould.”
“Surely it should have cleared by now.”
“Why are you still worrying about it?”

Stories like this help show that fungi are not simple or trivial. They are ancient, adaptable and scientifically fascinating organisms. Aspergillosis is therefore not “just mould exposure”; it is a real medical condition involving a complex interaction between the fungus, the lungs and the immune system.

Science is taking fungi more seriously

Another encouraging message is that fungi are attracting more scientific attention. Researchers are studying fungal survival, environmental spread, resistance to treatment, and the ways fungi interact with humans and indoor environments.

This matters because better understanding can lead to better diagnosis, better treatment and better prevention. In recent years, fungal medicine has already benefited from improvements in CT scanning, fungal blood tests, respiratory samples, antifungal treatments and biologic medicines for some allergic forms of disease.

Resilience goes both ways

The story also offers a useful reflection: fungi are resilient, but so are patients.

Many people living with aspergillosis adapt to long-term symptoms, hospital appointments, uncertainty, fatigue and treatment decisions. They continue to work, care for families, attend support groups, learn about their condition and help others understand fungal disease.

That resilience deserves recognition.

What patients can take from this

Aspergillus is difficult to avoid completely, so exposure reduction should be realistic rather than perfectionist.
Persistent symptoms are not a personal failure; fungal diseases can be complex and long-lasting.
Fungal science is advancing, and aspergillosis is increasingly recognised as an important medical condition.
Patients’ experiences are valid, even when others do not fully understand them.

When to seek medical advice

People with aspergillosis or suspected aspergillosis should seek medical advice if they develop worsening breathlessness, coughing up blood, unexplained weight loss, persistent fever, chest pain, a major change in sputum, or a significant deterioration in day-to-day symptoms.

Anyone already under specialist care should follow their agreed care plan and contact their clinical team if symptoms change significantly.

Key points

Dampness and mould can matter for people with respiratory disease.
The most important question is usually: why is moisture present?
Air sampling and mould spore counts have major limitations and should not be relied on alone.
A “normal” air test does not reliably prove that a home is free from damp or hidden mould.
The best assessments usually focus on building defects, condensation, ventilation, leaks and moisture sources.
For complex problems, experienced chartered building professionals and occupational/environmental hygienists are often more useful than simple “mould testing” services.
Dust and dirt accumulation may contribute to mould growth and respiratory irritation, especially in damp environments.
Recent UK housing guidance increasingly recognises the health impact of damp and mould.

Why damp and mould matter

Fungi are a normal part of the environment. Tiny fungal spores are present in outdoor air, soil, gardens, compost and many indoor spaces. Most people breathe in small numbers of spores every day without becoming ill.

However, persistent dampness indoors can allow mould growth to increase. This may worsen irritation, allergy, asthma symptoms or respiratory symptoms in some people.

People who may be more sensitive include those with:

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA)
Severe Asthma with Fungal Sensitisation (SAFS)
bronchiectasis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
cystic fibrosis
severe asthma
significant allergies
or a weakened immune system.

Signs your home may have a damp problem

Visible signs

black, green or white mould growth
condensation on windows
damp patches
peeling wallpaper or paint
bubbling plaster
staining on walls or ceilings
warped wood
persistent condensation

Smell

A persistent musty, earthy or “damp” smell can sometimes indicate hidden moisture or mould growth, even when little is visible.

Possible building causes

leaks from roofs, gutters or plumbing
poor ventilation
condensation
cold external walls
thermal bridging
rising damp
penetrating damp
blocked air vents
drying clothes indoors without enough ventilation.

Can dust and dirt make mould problems worse?

Yes. Accumulated dust and dirt can sometimes contribute to indoor mould problems, especially when combined with moisture or high humidity.

Dust is not simply “dirt” — it often contains:

skin cells
textile fibres
pollen
bacteria
fungal spores
organic material
and microscopic debris.

When dust accumulates in damp or poorly ventilated areas, it can provide nutrients that allow mould growth to establish more easily on surfaces.

This is particularly common:

behind furniture placed against cold walls
around windows
on curtains and blinds
inside wardrobes
under beds
around ventilation grilles
and in areas with condensation.

For people with asthma, allergy or aspergillosis, heavy dust accumulation may also worsen irritation or respiratory symptoms independently of visible mould.

Symptoms that may be triggered or worsened

Damp or mould exposure may contribute to:

coughing
wheezing
chest tightness
breathlessness
increased sputum
nasal irritation
sinus symptoms
eye irritation
fatigue
worsening asthma control
increased allergy symptoms.

Symptoms may be more noticeable in certain rooms, overnight, during winter, after rainfall, or when ventilation is poor.

However, symptoms alone cannot prove that mould exposure is the cause. Many respiratory conditions can cause similar symptoms, so medical advice is important if symptoms are worsening.

Should you get air testing done?

Many companies offer indoor air sampling, mould spore counts or fungal testing. Patients often hope this will provide reassurance or proof that a home is safe.

Unfortunately, air sampling has important limitations.

Limitations of air sampling

There are no universally agreed “safe” mould spore levels for homes.
Results can vary enormously throughout the day.
Outdoor air can strongly influence indoor results.
Cleaning, vacuuming, opening windows or walking around can alter results.
A short air sample may not represent usual exposure.
Hidden damp or mould may not show up in an air sample.
A “normal” air test does not reliably prove that a building is free from damp or mould problems.

Air sampling may sometimes be useful when carried out by experienced specialists as part of a wider investigation. However, it should not be used as the only basis for deciding whether a home is safe or whether remediation has worked.

What usually matters most?

The key question is usually:

Why is moisture present in the home?

Without moisture, significant mould growth usually cannot continue. Therefore, the most important step is to identify and correct the source of dampness.

This may involve:

repairing leaks
improving ventilation
reducing condensation
correcting insulation or thermal bridging problems
repairing gutters, roofs or plumbing
addressing overcrowding or excessive indoor humidity.

What you can do yourself

Improve ventilation

Use extractor fans in bathrooms and kitchens.
Open windows when practical and safe.
Do not block air vents.
Ventilate after showering, cooking or drying clothes.

Reduce indoor humidity

Dry clothes outdoors where possible.
Use lids on pans while cooking.
Avoid drying clothes on radiators without ventilation.
Consider a humidity monitor.
Aim to avoid persistently high indoor humidity.

A dehumidifier may help reduce humidity in some situations, but it does not fix the underlying cause of dampness if there is a leak, structural defect or ventilation problem.

Reduce dust accumulation

Clean regularly using methods that minimise dust disturbance.
Pay particular attention to hidden or poorly ventilated areas.
Move furniture slightly away from cold external walls where possible.
Reduce clutter that traps dust and moisture.
Wash soft furnishings and curtains regularly if practical.

Clean small areas carefully

Small areas of surface mould can sometimes be cleaned carefully using appropriate cleaning products. Avoid dry brushing or actions that disturb mould and release spores into the air.

People with significant lung disease, severe asthma, severe allergy or aspergillosis may prefer somebody else to carry out cleaning to reduce exposure.

Large, recurring or hidden mould problems usually need professional assessment.

Who is most likely to provide reliable help?

The most useful professionals are usually those who investigate the building and the source of moisture, not just the air.

For complex damp or mould problems, more robust help may come from:

experienced chartered building surveyors
building pathology specialists
chartered building engineers
occupational hygienists
environmental hygienists with experience in indoor air quality and moisture assessment.

Relevant UK professional bodies

Some damp and remediation companies may also be associated with the Property Care Association (PCA). This may indicate relevant industry training, but membership alone does not guarantee expertise. Experience and independence still matter.

Is impartial advice available?

Sometimes. People are often unsure where to obtain trustworthy, independent advice about damp and mould.

Possible sources of impartial guidance may include:

local council Environmental Health departments
housing officers (for tenants)
Citizens Advice services
NHS guidance
UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) guidance
recognised professional bodies.

Local councils may sometimes inspect severe housing conditions, particularly where:

children or vulnerable adults are involved
landlords are failing to act
there is extensive visible mould
or housing conditions may present health hazards.

Support varies considerably between areas, and services are often stretched, but councils can sometimes require landlords to take action where housing conditions are unsafe.

Awaab’s Law and what it may mean for tenants

For people living in rented accommodation, especially social housing, recent changes in UK housing law may provide stronger protection where damp and mould problems are affecting health.

Awaab’s Law was introduced following the death of two-year-old Awaab Ishak in Rochdale after prolonged exposure to severe mould in social housing.

The law strengthens expectations that social landlords:

investigate damp and mould complaints promptly
assess potential risks to health
carry out repairs within defined timescales
and respond more urgently where vulnerable people are involved.

This is particularly important for people with:

aspergillosis
asthma
bronchiectasis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
cystic fibrosis
or weakened immune systems.

What tenants should do

If you are concerned about damp or mould in rented accommodation, it may help to:

report problems formally and in writing where possible
keep photographs and dates
record repeated complaints
document worsening conditions
keep copies of correspondence
retain relevant medical letters if symptoms are worsening.

Where severe respiratory disease is present, medical evidence may help demonstrate vulnerability and the need for urgent action.

Important limitations

Awaab’s Law does not mean that every mould problem becomes an emergency or that all homes can be repaired immediately. Housing shortages, structural problems, funding limitations and contractor delays still affect what can be achieved.

However, the law has strengthened the expectation that damp and mould complaints should be taken seriously and addressed promptly, particularly where vulnerable people are affected.

NICE guidance and UK guidance

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has increasingly recognised the importance of indoor air quality and housing conditions in respiratory health.

In addition, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has published major guidance emphasising that:

damp and mould should be addressed promptly
visible mould should not be ignored
people with respiratory disease may be more vulnerable
and simply blaming lifestyle alone is often inappropriate.

Recent UK guidance has increasingly shifted away from treating damp and mould purely as cosmetic issues, recognising their potential health impacts — especially for vulnerable people.

Questions to ask before paying for an assessment

What qualifications and experience do you have in damp, mould and building moisture problems?
Are you independent, or do you also sell remediation work?
Will you investigate moisture sources, ventilation and building defects?
Will I receive a written report explaining the likely cause?
How will you decide whether remediation has worked?
Will you explain the limitations of any air sampling?
Do you use air sampling as part of a wider assessment, or as the main test?

Be cautious if...

the assessment mainly consists of a quick air sample
dramatic health claims are made
the report presents spore counts as a simple “safe/unsafe” result
expensive remediation is recommended immediately
the company creates pressure to buy treatment packages
there is little attention to leaks, condensation, ventilation or building defects.

How do you know remediation has worked?

Success should usually be judged by practical outcomes, including:

visible mould has been removed safely
the source of moisture has been corrected
damp patches are drying out
musty smells have reduced
ventilation has improved
humidity is better controlled
mould does not quickly return
symptoms improve over time, where mould exposure was contributing.

Repeat air sampling alone is not a reliable way to prove that a home is safe.

When to seek medical advice

People with aspergillosis or other lung conditions should seek medical advice if they experience:

worsening breathlessness
coughing blood
rapidly worsening asthma symptoms
fever or signs of infection
unexplained weight loss
significant deterioration in chest symptoms
new or worsening fatigue with chest symptoms.

If symptoms appear linked to a damp or mouldy environment, discuss this with your healthcare team. They may not be able to assess the building, but they can help assess your health and whether your respiratory condition is changing.

Related information on Aspergillosis.org

Useful resources

by GAtherton

Infographic showing how to reduce Aspergillus mould exposure at home including ventilation, humidity control, cleaning, and common sources like damp, compost, and houseplants

Reducing Exposure to Mould (Aspergillus) at Home

Last reviewed: May 2026
Audience: Patients with aspergillosis (including Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis and Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis), carers, and non-specialist cliniciansIf you have aspergillosis, reducing exposure to environmental moulds such as Aspergillus can help minimise symptoms and reduce the risk of flare-ups.This guide brings together practical, evidence-informed advice based on environmental studies and clinical experience at specialist centres such as the National Aspergillosis Centre (Manchester, UK).

🔑 Key Points

Aspergillus spores are present in the air almost everywhere.
Complete avoidance is not possible—focus on reducing higher-level exposures.
The most important drivers are moisture, organic decay, and disturbance.
Indoor exposure is often more important than outdoor exposure.
Simple environmental and behavioural changes can significantly reduce risk.

🌍 Where does mould exposure come from?

Aspergillus is a common environmental mould. It grows on organic material and releases microscopic spores into the air.

Common sources include:

Damp walls, ceilings, and condensation
Soil, compost, and plant material
Dust and poorly ventilated spaces
Food waste and decaying organic matter

Spores are always present at low levels. Problems arise when concentrations increase, particularly in enclosed or damp environments.

⚖️ Who is most affected?

Reducing exposure is particularly relevant for people with:

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA)
Asthma or bronchiectasis
Reduced immune function

Individual sensitivity varies. Some people notice clear environmental triggers, while others are less affected by day-to-day variation.

⚠️ What symptoms can mould exposure trigger?

Exposure may trigger or worsen symptoms by increasing airway inflammation or allergic responses.

Respiratory symptoms

Increased breathlessness
Wheezing or chest tightness
Persistent or worsening cough
Increased or thicker mucus
Reduced peak flow (if monitored)

Allergic-type symptoms

Nasal congestion or runny nose
Itchy throat
Sneezing

General symptoms

Fatigue
Reduced exercise tolerance

In ABPA, exposure may contribute to flare-ups. In CPA, changes may be more gradual.

👀 What should you watch out for?

Patterns are often more informative than single exposures.

Symptoms worsening after specific activities (e.g. gardening, cleaning)
Symptoms linked to particular rooms or buildings
Improvement when away from home
Worsening in damp or musty environments

Keeping a simple symptom diary can sometimes help identify triggers.

Important: Not all symptoms are due to mould exposure—other factors such as infection or asthma control may also play a role.

🏠 Reducing mould in your home

1. Control moisture (most important factor)

Fix leaks promptly (pipes, roofs, windows)
Dry condensation from windows and walls
Avoid prolonged indoor drying of clothes where possible

Moisture is the key driver of mould growth—reducing it addresses the root cause.

2. Improve ventilation

Open windows regularly (even short periods can help)
Use extractor fans in kitchens and bathrooms
Avoid blocking vents or airflow pathways

Ventilation removes spores and reduces humidity at the same time.

3. Manage condensation

Maintain a relatively stable indoor temperature
Use lids when cooking
Consider dehumidifiers in problem areas

🌬️ Ventilation, filtration and humidity

Ventilation (first priority)

Ventilation is usually the most effective intervention because it removes airborne spores and reduces moisture.

Dehumidifiers

Dehumidifiers reduce indoor humidity (target around 40–60%), making conditions less favourable for mould growth.

HEPA air purifiers

HEPA filters can remove airborne particles, including fungal spores. However, they do not address the source of mould and are best used alongside other measures.

Practical approach: address moisture and ventilation first, then consider additional filtration if needed.

🌦️ Does weather affect mould exposure?

Rain can reduce airborne spores by washing them out of the air
Cold conditions reduce fungal growth
Dry, windy weather can increase exposure by disturbing dust and soil

However, indoor conditions usually have a greater impact than outdoor weather.

🌍 Do some environments reduce exposure?

Some environments may be associated with lower exposure:

Dry climates (lower humidity)
Coastal areas (good airflow and dilution)
Cooler conditions (reduced fungal growth)

There is no completely “safe” location, and indoor conditions often matter more than geography.

🌿 Activities and exposure

Some activities can temporarily increase exposure:

Gardening or handling compost
Cleaning dusty areas
Handling stored materials

Precautions:

Wear a well-fitted mask (FFP2 or FFP3)
Carry out dusty tasks outdoors where possible
Avoid enclosed, poorly ventilated spaces

🗑️ Indoor compost bins and food waste

Food waste provides an ideal environment for mould growth.

Risk increases when waste is stored indoors for prolonged periods, particularly in warm conditions.

Empty bins frequently (ideally daily)
Use sealed containers
Keep in well-ventilated areas
Clean bins regularly

🌱 Houseplants

The main risk comes from soil and moisture rather than the plant itself.

👉 Read full guide on houseplants and aspergillosis

⚖️ Balancing risk and quality of life

It is important to balance exposure reduction with maintaining normal daily activities.

Gardening can often continue with precautions
Houseplants can often be kept safely
Focus on reducing higher-risk exposures rather than avoiding everything

⚠️ When to seek medical advice

Increasing breathlessness
Worsening cough or mucus
Reduced peak flow
Symptoms clearly linked to environment

Seek urgent advice for:

Rapid breathlessness
Chest pain
Coughing blood

📚 Further reading

👩‍⚕️ Author & Review

Developed using patient questions and reviewed in line with National Aspergillosis Centre practice (Manchester, UK).
This information is general and does not replace individual medical advice.

by GAtherton

Houseplants and aspergillosis risk showing how soil and moisture can expose people with ABPA to Aspergillus spores and how to reduce risk

Houseplants and Aspergillosis: Do You Need to Get Rid of Them?

Last reviewed: May 2026
Audience: Patients with aspergillosis (including Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis), carers, and non-specialist cliniciansHouseplants are a common concern for people with
aspergillosis, particularly those with
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA).If you’ve asked this question, you’re not alone—many patients raise it in our
patient questions and discussions.

🔑 Key Points

Houseplants can be a source of Aspergillus spores, mainly from soil.
Most people with ABPA do not need to remove all plants.
The main risk comes from damp soil and disturbance.
Simple precautions can significantly reduce exposure.
How plants are cared for matters more than the type of plant.

Why houseplants can be a problem
How big is the risk?
Do houseplants clean the air?
Can I safely keep my plants?
How to reduce risk
Are some plants lower risk?
When to consider removing plants
Common questions
When to seek medical advice
References

🌱 Why can houseplants be a problem?

Aspergillus is a common environmental mould found in:

Soil and compost
Decaying plant material
Damp indoor environments

For people with Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA), inhaling spores can trigger airway inflammation, wheeze, cough, and breathlessness.

The main risk comes from soil rather than the plant itself.

⚖️ How big is the risk?

The risk varies depending on:

How stable your condition is
The number of plants
Ventilation in your home
How plants are maintained

Specialist centres such as the National Aspergillosis Centre (NAC) recommend a
risk reduction approach rather than complete avoidance.
You can read more in our guide to
reducing mould exposure.

Important: There is limited direct research linking houseplants to worsening ABPA. Advice is based on environmental studies and clinical experience.

🌿 Do houseplants clean the air?

You may have heard that houseplants “clean the air.” This idea comes from laboratory studies, including research by
:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}, conducted in sealed environments.

In real homes, the effect is minimal.

Very large numbers of plants would be needed
Ventilation has a much greater impact
Soil may introduce Aspergillus spores

For a broader explanation, see our
aspergillosis overview.

Bottom line: Plants may improve wellbeing, but they are not an effective air-cleaning strategy.

🌿 Can I safely keep my houseplants?

In many cases, yes.

Many people with ABPA keep houseplants without problems when their condition is stable and plants are well maintained.

However, some individuals are more sensitive, so a personalised approach is important.

✅ How to reduce your risk

1. Manage the soil carefully

Avoid constantly damp compost
Allow the top layer to dry between watering
Consider lower-organic substrates (e.g. clay pebbles)

Tip from patients: Adding a layer of stones or gravel on top of the soil can reduce disturbance during watering and may help limit release of fungal spores.

2. Avoid disturbing soil indoors

Repot plants outside if possible
Wear a well-fitted mask (FFP2 or FFP3)

3. Maintain good plant hygiene

Remove dead leaves promptly
Avoid visible mould growth
Do not allow stagnant water

4. Choose locations carefully

Keep plants out of bedrooms
Ensure good ventilation

5. Personal hygiene after handling plants

Wash hands after handling soil or compost
Avoid touching your face before cleaning hands
Consider changing clothes after heavy gardening
Ventilate the area after indoor plant work

These steps form part of a wider approach to
reducing environmental exposure.

🌿 Are some plants lower risk for ABPA?

There is no strong evidence that specific plants are “safe” or “unsafe.” The main risk comes from soil and moisture.

Some setups may be lower risk in practice:

Hydroponic or semi-hydroponic plants
Plants that prefer drier conditions (e.g. succulents)
Well-maintained plants with minimal decaying material

Important: Any plant can become higher risk if soil becomes damp or mouldy.

If unsure, you may wish to review
clinical guidance or discuss with your care team.

🚩 When should I consider removing plants?

Symptoms worsen after watering or handling plants
Visible mould in soil
Frequent flare-ups
Clinical advice recommends stricter avoidance

Some people remove plants temporarily during unstable periods and reintroduce them later.

❓ Common questions

Are leaves dangerous?

No—the main risk comes from soil and decaying material.

Is outdoor gardening riskier?

Yes, due to higher exposure. Wearing a mask is recommended.

Do air purifiers help?

HEPA filters may reduce airborne particles, but evidence specific to ABPA is limited.

⚠️ When to seek medical advice

Increasing breathlessness or wheeze
Worsening cough or mucus
Reduced peak flow
Symptoms linked to specific environments

Do not change treatment without medical advice.

📚 References & Further Reading

What is aspergillosis?
Reducing exposure to mould
World Health Organization – Indoor air quality guidance
UK Health Security Agency – Damp and mould health risks

👩‍⚕️ Author & Review

Developed for patient education in line with UK specialist practice (National Aspergillosis Centre, Manchester).
This information is general and does not replace individual medical advice.

Looking for more answers? Visit our
patient questions hub.

by GAtherton

What should people with lung conditions do?

Do masks help?

Does wildfire smoke increase Aspergillus infection?

When should you seek medical help?

Understanding air-quality alerts

Useful sources

Key points

Why does mould grow inside washing machines?

Where to check for mould

Before you start cleaning

How to clean mould from the rubber door seal

How to clean the detergent drawer

Cleaning the filter

Run a maintenance wash

Avoid mixing cleaning chemicals

How to stop washing-machine mould coming back

How often should the machine be cleaned?

When should the door seal be replaced?

When might the washing machine need professional attention?

Is washing-machine mould dangerous for people with aspergillosis?

When to seek medical advice

Frequently asked questions

Can I use bleach in my washing machine?

Can I use vinegar?

Does a hot wash kill mould?

Should I replace the machine if there is mould in the seal?

Should I keep the door open all the time?

Does washing at low temperatures cause mould?

Related information

Key points

Contents

Why patients worry about pets

What is the actual risk?

Situations that may increase exposure

Different risks in different forms of aspergillosis

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)

Severe Asthma with Fungal Sensitisation (SAFS)

Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA)

Aspergillus bronchitis

People with significant immunosuppression

Practical advice for different pets

Dogs

Cats

Guinea pigs, rabbits, hamsters, and other small mammals

Birds and chickens

Fish tanks and aquariums

Reptiles

Children’s pets and shared responsibility

Family pet-care check

The benefits of pets

Companionship

Mental health and wellbeing

Routine and purpose

Gentle activity

Family connection

A balanced decision

Simple risk-reduction checklist

Common questions

Do I need to get rid of my pet if I have aspergillosis?

Can my dog or cat give me aspergillosis?

Are guinea pigs safe?

Are birds or chickens more risky?

Should I wear a mask when cleaning pet cages?

What is the biggest pet-related risk?

Are pets good for people with aspergillosis?

When to seek medical advice

Author and review information

References and further reading

Key points

Why are we doing this project?

What is the questionnaire for?

Why do we need feedback?

What sort of comments are we looking for?

1. Is the questionnaire easy to understand?

2. Are any important questions missing?

3. Is the questionnaire too long?

4. Are any questions difficult to answer accurately?

5. Are any questions sensitive?

The most important question

How to send us your comments