Mishonga. Chimwe chinhu chakanyanya, kana tisiri tese, tinozivana nacho. MMR (Measles, Mumps & Rubella), TB (Tuberculosis), Smallpox, Chicken Pox, uye mishonga ichangoburwa yeHPV (Human Papillomavirus) neCovid-19 ingori mishoma pane yakawanda iripo kutidzivirira kubva kuhutachiona hunokuvadza (chipenyu. zvinokonzeresa zvirwere zvakaita semabhakitiriya kana mavhairasi – aka 'germs'). Asi chii chaizvo chinonzi jekiseni, uye chinotidzivirira sei?

Chekutanga, kuti unzwisise majekiseni, zvinobatsira kuve nekunzwisisa kwakakosha kweiyo immune system. Dziviriro yemuviri inodzivirira kubva kuzvirwere zvinokuvadza. Ihurongwa hwakaoma hwenhengo nemasero anoshanda pamwechete kubatsira kurwisa hutachiona hunokonzerwa nehutachiona hunopinda. Kana 'jemusi' ikapinda mumuviri wedu, immune system inokonzeresa mhinduro dzakatevedzana kuti ione nekuiparadza.

Zviratidzo zvekunze kuti tiri kuita immune system ndezvi:

• Tembiricha yakasimudzwa (fivha) uye kubvunda kusingadzoreki (Rigors).
• Kuzvimba; izvi zvinogona kuva mukati kana kuonekwa pamusoro peganda - somuenzaniso, kubva pakucheka.
• Kukosora & Kuhotsira (mucus traps germs, iyo inobva yabviswa nekuita kwekukosora kana kuhotsira).

Mhando dzeImmunity:

Innate (inonziwo nonspecific kana natural) immunity:  Isu tinozvarwa nekubatanidzwa kwemuviri (ganda uye mucous membranes mukufema uye mudumbu maturakiti), kemikari (semuenzaniso, acid yemudumbu, mucous, mate nemisodzi zvine ma enzymes anoputsa sero rusvingo rwebhakitiriya mazhinji.¹), uye masero (masero anouraya echisikigo, macrophages, eosinophils anongova mashoma²) kudzivirira utachiona. Innate immunity imhando yedziviriro yakajairika yakagadzirirwa kuti ipindure nekuvapo kwepathogen.

Adaptive immunity: Iyo inoshanduka, kana yakawanikwa, mhinduro yekudzivirira muviri yakanangana neiyo pathogen inopinda uye inoitika mushure mekusangana neantigen (chepfu kana chekunze chinhu chinoita kuti immune system ipindure) kungave kubva pathogen kana vaccination.³

Pazasi pane vhidhiyo yakanakisa kubva kuTedEd inopa yakapusa asi yakadzama tsananguro yemashandiro anoita immune system.  

Mhando dzekudzivirira

Kune marudzi akati wandei emajekiseni anoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana siyana 'kudzidzisa' masoja emuviri wedu kurwisa hutachiona. Izvi ndezvi:

Majekiseni asingashandi

Majekiseni asina kuvharwa anoshandisa vhezheni yeutachiona hwafa. Aya majekiseni anowanzo kuda akati wandei madosi kana mabooster kuti kusadzivirirwa kurambe kuchienderera mberi. Mienzaniso inosanganisira Flu, Hepatitis A uye Polio.

Kurarama-kwakadzivirirwa majekiseni

Mushonga wekudzivirira mhenyu unoshandisa isina simba vhezheni yepathogen, kutevedzera hutachiona hwepanyama pasina kukonzera chirwere chakakomba. Mienzaniso inosanganisira Measles, Mumps, Rubella, uye Chickenpox.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) yekudzivirira

Mushonga wemRNA hauna chikamu chaicho chepathogen (mupenyu kana yakafa). Iyi mhando nyowani yekudzivirira inoshanda nekudzidzisa maseru edu maitiro ekugadzira puroteni iyo inozokonzeresa mhinduro yekudzivirira. Mumamiriro ezvinhu eCovid-19 (iyo chete yekudzivirira yemRNA yakabvumidzwa kushandiswa muchimiro chePfizer neModerna vaccinations), vaccine inoraira maseru edu kugadzira puroteni inowanikwa pamusoro pehutachiona hweCovid-19 (iyo spike protein) . Izvi zvinoita kuti miviri yedu igadzire masoja ekudzivirira chirwere. Mushure mekuendesa mirairo, iyo mRNA inobva yaputswa.⁴

Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, uye conjugate vaccine

Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, uye conjugate vaccine haina chero bhakitiriya kana mavhairasi. Majekiseni aya anoshandisa chimedu kubva pamusoro pechirwere chetachiona - seprotein yayo, kuunza mhinduro yakanangana nekudzivirira kwezvirwere. Mienzaniso inosanganisira Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), Hepatitis B, HPV (Human papillomavirus), Whooping chikosoro (chikamu cheDTaP yakasanganiswa vaccine), Pneumococcal neMeningococcal disease.⁵

Tofu yekudzivirira

Mishonga yeToxoid inoshandiswa kudzivirira kubva kune hutachiona hunokonzera kuburitswa kwehupfu. Muzviitiko izvi, ndiyo huturu hwatinoda kuchengetedzwa kubva. Majekiseni eToxoid anoshandisa isina activated (yakafa) vhezheni yechepfu inogadzirwa neiyo pathogen kukonzeresa mhinduro yekudzivirira. Mienzaniso inosanganisira Tetanus uye Diphtheria.⁶

Utachiona Vector

Viral vector vaccine inoshandisa yakagadziridzwa vhezheni yehutachiwana hwakasiyana (vector) kuendesa ruzivo muchimiro cheiyo genetic code kubva kune pathogen kuenda kumaseru edu. Panyaya yemishonga yekudzivirira yeAstraZeneca neJanssen/Johnson & Johnson uye Covid-19, semuenzaniso, iyi kodhi inodzidzisa muviri kuita makopi emapuroteni espike - saka kana kuratidzwa kuhutachiona chaihwo kukaitika, muviri unozviziva uye woziva. kurwisa sei.⁷ 

Vhidhiyo iri pazasi yakagadziriswa neTyphoidland uye The Vaccine Knowledge Project uye inotsanangura zvinoitika mukati memasero edu kana tabatwa nehutachiona - tichishandisa Covid-19 semuenzaniso.

References

1. Sayenzi Yekudzidza Hub. (2010). Mutsara wekutanga wemuviri wekudzivirira. Inowanikwa: https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/177-the-body-s-first-line-of-defence Yakapedzisira kuwanikwa 18 Nov 2021.
2. Khan Academy. (Hazvizivikanwe). Innate Immunity. Inowanikwa: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity Yakapedzisira kuwanikwa 18 Nov 2021.
3. Molnar, C., & Gair, J. (2015). Pfungwa dzeBiology - 1st Canadian Edition. BCcampus. Zvakatorwa kubva https://opentextbc.ca/biology/
4. Vashandi veMayo Clinic. (Nov 2021). Mhando dzakasiyana dzeCCIDID-19 vaccine: Mashandiro avanoita. Inowanikwa https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/different-types-of-covid-19-vaccines/art-20506465 Yakapedzisira kuwanikwa 19 Nov 2021.
5. Hofisi yeChirwere Chinotapukira nePolisi yeHIV/AIDS (OIDP). (2021). Mhando dzeVaccine. Inowanikwa: https://www.hhs.gov/immunization/basics/types/index.html Yakapedzisira kuwanikwa 16 Nov 2021.
6. Vaccine Knowledge Project. (2021). Mhando dzejekiseni. Inowanikwa: https://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vk/types-of-vaccine Yakapedzisira kuwanikwa 17 Nov 2021.
7. CDC. (Gumiguru 2021). Kunzwisisa Viral Vector COVID-19 Vaccines. Inowanikwa: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/viralvector.html#:~:text=First%2C%20COVID%2D19%20viral%20vector,is%20called%20a%20spike%20protein Yakapedzisira kuwanikwa 19 Nov 2021.