Isitofu. Enye into eninzi, ukuba asiyiyo sonke, esiyaziyo. I-MMR (iMasisi, iMasisi kunye neRubella), i-TB (iSifo sePhepha), iNgxaki, iNkangaka, kunye nogonyo lwamva nje lweHPV (Human Papillomavirus) kunye ne-Covid-19 zezinye kwezimbalwa ezifumanekayo ukusikhusela kwiintsholongwane eziyingozi (into ephilayo. ezibangela izifo ezifana neebhaktheriya okanye iivayirasi – aka 'germs'). Kodwa yintoni kanye kanye isitofu sokugonya, yaye sisikhusela njani?

Okokuqala, ukuqonda amayeza okugonya, kuyanceda ukuba nokuqonda okusisiseko kokhuselo lomzimba. Amajoni omzimba lukhuselo lwendalo lomzimba kwiintsholongwane eziyingozi. Yinkqubo entsonkothileyo yamalungu kunye neeseli ezisebenza kunye ukunceda ukulwa usulelo olubangelwa zizifo ezihlaselayo. Xa 'intsholongwane' ingena emzimbeni wethu, amajoni omzimba abangela uthotho lweempendulo ukuyichonga kwaye iyitshabalalise.

Iimpawu zangaphandle zokuba sinempendulo yokuzikhusela komzimba zezi:

• Ubushushu obuphakanyisiweyo (umkhuhlane) kunye nokuqhaqhazela okungalawulekiyo (Rigors).
• Ukukrala; oku kunokuba ngaphakathi okanye kubonakale kumphezulu wolusu - umzekelo, ukusuka ekusikeni.
• Ukukhohlela & nokuthimla (i-mucus ibamba iintsholongwane, ezithi ke zisuswe ngokukhohlela okanye ukuthimla).

Iindidi zokugomela:

I-Innate (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-nonspecific okanye yendalo) i-immunity:  Sizalwa ngokudityaniswa komzimba (ulusu kunye nenwebu kwimiphunga kunye nesisu), imichiza (umzekelo, i-asidi yesisu, imifinya, amathe kunye neenyembezi ziqulethe ii-enzymes eziqhekeza udonga lweseli yeebhaktheriya ezininzi.¹), kunye neeseli (iiseli ezibulalayo zendalo, ii-macrophages, ii-eosinophils zimbalwa nje²) ukhuselo kwiintsholongwane. I-Innate immunity luhlobo lokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo olwenzelwe ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza ubukho be-pathogen.

Ukugonywa okuguquguqukayo: I-adaptive, okanye efunyenweyo, impendulo ye-immune igxininise ngakumbi kwi-pathogen ehlaselayo kwaye yenzeke emva kokuvezwa kwe-antigen (i-toxin okanye into yangaphandle eyenza impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba) nokuba ivela kwi-pathogen okanye ugonyo.³

Apha ngezantsi kukho ividiyo egqwesileyo evela kwi-TedEd ebonelela ngengcaciso elula kodwa eneenkcukacha malunga nendlela amajoni omzimba asebenza ngayo.  

Iindidi zezitofu zokugonya

Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezitofu zokugonya ezisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo 'ukufundisa' amajoni ethu omzimba ukuba alwe njani na iintsholongwane ezithile. Zezi:

Izitofu zokugonya ezingasebenziyo

Izitofu zokugonya ezingasebenziyo zisebenzisa inguqulelo yentsholongwane ebuleweyo. Ezi zitofu zifuna iidosi ezininzi okanye ezomeleza ukuze ugonyo luqhubeke. Imizekelo ibandakanya umkhuhlane, iHepatitis A kunye nePolio.

Amayeza okugonya aphilayo

Isitofu sokugonya esiphila ixesha elide sisebenzisa inguqulelo ephilayo ebuthathaka ye-pathogen, ilinganisa usulelo lwendalo ngaphandle kokubangela isifo esibi. Imizekelo ibandakanya imasisi, uqwilikana, iRubella, kunye nerhashalala.

Ugonyo lwe-RNA (mRNA) yesithunywa

Isitofu sokugonya se-mRNA asinayo inxalenye yokwenyani ye-pathogen (iphila okanye ifile). Olu hlobo lutsha lwesitofu sokugonya lusebenza ngokufundisa iiseli zethu ukuba zenza njani iprotein eya kuthi yona ibangele ukusabela komzimba. Kumxholo we-Covid-19 (ekuphela kogonyo lwe-mRNA oluvunyiweyo ukuba lusetyenziswe ngendlela yogonyo lwe-Pfizer kunye neModerna), isitofu sokugonya siyalela iiseli zethu ekwenzeni iprotein efumaneka kumphezulu wentsholongwane ye-Covid-19 (iprotein ye-spike) . Oku kubangela ukuba imizimba yethu yenze izilwa-buhlungu. Emva kokuhambisa imiyalelo, i-mRNA yophuka ngoko nangoko.⁴

I-Subunit, i-recombinant, i-polysaccharide, kunye nogonyo lwe-conjugate

I-Subunit, i-recombinant, i-polysaccharide, kunye nezitofu zokugonya aziqulathanga nayiphi na ibhaktiriya okanye iintsholongwane. Ezi zitofu zokugonya zisebenzisa iqhekeza elisuka kumphezulu we-pathogen-njengeprotheyini yayo, ukufumana impendulo egxininisekileyo yokuzivikela komzimba. Imizekelo ibandakanya iHib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), Hepatitis B, HPV (Human papillomavirus), Ukhohlokhohlo (inxalenye yesitofu sokugonya esidibeneyo se-DTaP), iPneumococcal kunye nesifo seMeningococcal.⁵

Ugonyo lwe-Toxoid

Izitofu zokugonya i-toxoid zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela kwiintsholongwane ezibangela ukukhutshwa kwee-toxins. Kwezi meko, yityhefu ekufuneka sikhuselwe kuyo. Izitofu zokugonya i-Toxoid zisebenzisa inguqulelo engasebenziyo (efileyo) yetyhefu eveliswa yintsholongwane yesifo sofuba ukuze iqalise ukuphendula kwamajoni omzimba. Imizekelo ibandakanya iTetanus kunye neDiphtheria.⁶

IVector yeNtsholongwane

Isitofu sokugonya sentsholongwane yentsholongwane sisebenzisa inguqulelo elungisiweyo yentsholongwane eyahlukileyo (i-vector) ukuhambisa ulwazi ngohlobo lwekhowudi yezofuzo ukusuka kwi-pathogen ukuya kwiiseli zethu. Kwimeko yogonyo lwe-AstraZeneca kunye noJanssen/Johnson & Johnson kunye ne-Covid-19, umzekelo, le khowudi ifundisa umzimba ukuba wenze iikopi zeeproteni ze-spike - ke ukuba ukuvezwa kweyona ntsholongwane kwenzekayo, umzimba uya kuyiqonda kwaye uyazi. indlela yokulwa nayo.⁷ 

Le vidiyo ingezantsi yaphuhliswa yiTyphoidland kunye neProjekthi yoLwazi lokugonya kwaye ichaza okwenzekayo ngaphakathi kweeseli zethu xa sosulelwe yintsholongwane - sisebenzisa i-Covid-19 njengomzekelo.

Ucaphulo

1. IZiko lokuFunda leNzululwazi. (2010). Umgca wokuqala wokhuselo lomzimba. Maneka: https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/177-the-body-s-first-line-of-defence Igqityelwe ukufikelela nge-18 kaNov 2021.
2. Khan Academy. (Akwaziwa). I-Innate Immunity. Maneka: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity Igqityelwe ukufikelela nge-18 kaNov 2021.
3. Molnar, C., & Gair, J. (2015). Iingcamango zeBhayoloji - uHlelo loku-1 lwaseCanada. BCcampus. Ifunyenwe kwi https://opentextbc.ca/biology/
4. Abasebenzi beKliniki yaseMayo. (Nov 2021). Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zogonyo lwe-COVID-19: Zisebenza njani. Iyafumaneka: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/different-types-of-covid-19-vaccines/art-20506465 Igqityelwe ukufikelela nge-19 kaNov 2021.
5. I-Ofisi yoMgaqo-nkqubo weZifo ezosulelayo kunye ne-HIV/AIDS (OIDP). (2021). Iintlobo zesitofu sokugonya. Maneka: https://www.hhs.gov/immunization/basics/types/index.html Igqityelwe ukufikelela nge-16 kaNov 2021.
6. Iprojekthi yoLwazi lokugonya. (2021). Iintlobo zesitofu sokugonya. Maneka: https://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vk/types-of-vaccine Igqityelwe ukufikelela nge-17 kaNov 2021.
7. I-CDC. (Okt 2021). Ukuqonda uGonyo lweVector ye-COVID-19. Maneka: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/viralvector.html#:~:text=First%2C%20COVID%2D19%20viral%20vector,is%20called%20a%20spike%20protein Igqityelwe ukufikelela nge-19 kaNov 2021.